he discovered it was littered with references to him as ''an arrogant Negro who won't sign autographs for white children." [68] Both men awed onlookers with "nakedly awesome athleticism",[68] and while Chamberlain outscored Russell 30 to 22, the Celtics won 115106, and the match was called a "new beginning of basketball". 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, Bill Russell and Rose with their son, William Felton Jr, in 1958, Former Boston Celtics basketball star Bill Russell alongside his daughter, Karen Kenyatta Russell, England win Women's Euro 2022 LIVE REACTION: Party at Trafalgar Square as thousands celebrate, Queen sends praise, Proud captain Williamson vows to lap up England's Euros triumph and calls on fans to go to WSL games, We should be cheering on female footie stars in the same way we support the men, Women's football will never be the same again thanks to Lionesses' extraordinary victory, Adam Peaty stunned at Commonwealth Games as Brit hero loses 100m race for first time EVER and misses medal, England's Lionesses roar with pride as they celebrate their history-making Euro 2022 triumph. Advertisement. [190] He was issued a citation and released, and the Transportation Security Administration indicated it would levy a civil penalty, which would be between $3,000 and $7,500. Russell died "peacefully" with . [109] In response, Russell described Boston as a "flea market of racism". [150] He also had 51 in one game, 49 in two others, and twelve straight seasons of 1,000 or more rebounds. The Untold Truth Of Bill Russell - Grunge . Who was Bill Russell's wife Jeannine and did they have any kids? - HITC [107], Days later, 30,000 Celtics fans cheered their returning heroes. The duo shares three children together. [107] Russell then reversed himself and ordered his team to double-team West and Boston won Game 3. With the added defensive presence of Russell, the Celtics had laid the foundation for a dynasty, as the team utilized a strong defensive approach to the game, forcing opposing teams to commit many turnovers, which led to many easy points on fast breaks. [5] Chamberlain said Russell's timing as a shot-blocker was unparalleled. [20] Since Russell's previous experiences with white authority figures were often negative, warm words from Powles reassured him. in Philosophy and Government from Georgetown with a Law Degree from Harvard. [134][135], On February 14, 2009, NBA Commissioner David Stern announced that the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award would be renamed the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his honor as an 11-time NBA champion. [5][41], Besides basketball, Russell represented USF in track and field events. [56] Russell never had to work part-time. [21][42] That year, Russell won high jump titles at the Central California Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) meet, the Pacific AAU meet, and the West Coast Relays (WCR). Bill Russell had three kids, Karen, William Jr., and Jacob. [56], Russell was an elite help defender who allowed the Celtics to play the "Hey, Bill" defense: whenever a Celtic requested additional defensive help, he would shout "Hey, Bill!" [52] The U.S. dominated the tournament, winning by an average of 53.5 points per game. and understanding. on November 1, 2013. A post shared by Bill Russell (@realbillrussell). This attitude contributed to his bad rapport with fans and journalists. [68] The matchup between Russell and Chamberlain became one of basketball's greatest rivalries. Bill Russell, the cornerstone of the Boston Celtics dynasty that won eight straight titles and 11 overall during his career, died Sunday. After practice, and even during practice breaks, shed encourage me. Marilyn Nault Russell would end up as the step-mother of Bill's children from his previous marriage to Rose Swisher. You are a Negro. [1] The 195657 Boston Celtics season saw the debut of a starting lineup made up of five future Hall-of-Famers: center Russell, forwards Heinsohn and Frank Ramsey, and guards Bill Sharman and Bob Cousy. Bill Russell Net Worth 2023: Age, Height, Weight, Wife, Kids, Bio-Wiki [202] Later in Russell's career, John Havlicek said of his teammate and coach that he threw up less often than early in his career, only doing so "when it's an important game or an important challenge for himsomeone like Chamberlain, or someone coming up that everyone's touting. Gottlieb stated: "Our Paul Arizin went underneath for a simple backboard lay-up, and as the ball traveled down towards the basket, Russell batted it away. So we never, or at least I never, ever considered him as having ulterior motives for whatever he did. [94] In Game 5, Russell contributed with 12 points, 28 rebounds, and 7 assists, plus 10 blocks and 6 steals; blocks and steals became officially recorded statistics in the 197374 NBA season. [49] On offense, Russell's output was limited and his NBA career personal averages show him to be an average scorer (15.1 points career average), a poor free-throw shooter (56.1%), and average overall shooter from the field (44%, not exceptional for a center). He passed away peacefully in his sleep on January 25, 2016. He reasoned that if Saperstein was too smart to speak with him, then he was too smart to play for Saperstein. Bill marched with Martin Luther King Jr. when he delivered his "I Have a Dream . Read More: Bill Russells Wives: Where Are They Now? American basketball player and coach (19342022), 19561958: Rookie champion and early years, 19581966: Eight straight NBA championships, 19661969: Player-coach champion and final years, Racist abuse, controversy, and relationship with Boston fans. [50] He had the option to skip the tournament and play a full season for the Celtics, but he was determined to play in the Olympics. I really missed her pep talks then. I knew only that Rose accepted and cared about me, apart from the basketball, which was a great breakthrough for me. he added in his 1979 memoir Second Wind.. Both Cousy and Russell called it the greatest Celtics team of all-time. LeBron James of the Los Angeles Lakers), are grandfatheredthey may keep the number until they voluntarily change it or retirebut the number will not be issued again to a new player. [5], In the 196465 NBA season, the Celtics won a league-record 62 games and Russell averaged 14.1 points and 24.1 rebounds per game, winning his second consecutive rebounding title and his fifth MVP award. He was one of the greatest to ever play the game of basketball and left behind an amazing legacy. Arthur was a man of great courage. [41], In his career, Russell won five NBA MVP awards (1959, 196163, 1965),[5] which is tied with Michael Jordan for second all-time behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's six awards, and is at No. [61] Russell scored 21 points and grabbed an NBA Finals-record 40 rebounds, plus an assist, in a Game 2 loss,[73] and he added 22 points and 35 rebounds, along with 4 assists,[74] in the deciding Game 7, a 122103 victory for Boston. [205] At the time his additional role of coach was announced, Russell publicly stated he believed Red Auerbach's impact as a coach confined every or almost every relationship with each Celtic player to a strictly professional one. Celtics owner Walter A. [1] The Celtics won the 1966 NBA Finals and their eighth consecutive title. He actually enrolled at the School of Art Institute in Chicago for a Bachelors in Design-Visual Communications upon graduating from Californias Galileo Academy of Science & Technology, just to then kickstart his career. Nothing went on outside the borders of the court. 2. In addition to his career accomplishments, Russell was a prominent human rights activist in sports. [5] The Russell draft-day trade was later called one of the most important trades in the history of North American sports. Avery Brundage, head of the International Olympic Committee, argued that Russell had already signed a professional sport contract and was no longer an amateur sportsman, but Russell prevailed. NBA Legend Bill Russell is interviewed by television personality John King prior to Bill Russell's acceptance of the Presidential Medal of Freedom award in Washington, DC. The 61-year-old is a legal and political analyst who graduated from Georgetown University and Harvard Law School. Bill Russell Personal life, Spouse & Trivia. 18 on ESPN's "50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century" list in 1999. '"[203], In a retrospective interview, Russell described the state of mind he felt he needed to enter in order to be able to play basketball: "I had to almost be in a rage. Bill Russell Biography Facts, Childhood, Net Worth, Life He stood side-by-side with Dr. Martin Luther King in the 1960s, the height of the civil rights movement. Bill Russell had all his children with Rose Swisher, his college sweetheart, when he married from 1956 to 1973. You are less. Bill Russell only had children with his first wife Rose; they are Karen, Jacob, and William Russell Jr. Karen Russell. William Felton Russell (February 12, 1934 July 31, 2022) was an American professional basketball player who played as a center for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1956 to 1969. [157] Russell ranked No. She is a media person, lawyer, and Black-rights activist who has also contributed to publications likeThe New York Times Magazine. One of his highest jumps occurred at the WCR, where he achieved a mark of .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6feet 9+14inches (2.06m);[43] at the meet, Russell tied Charlie Dumas, who would later in the year win gold in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia for the United States and become the first person to high-jump 7 feet (2.13m). [18][169] However, the NBA players who currently wore the number 6 jersey (i.e. Russell was equally notable for his rebounding abilities, and he led the NBA in rebounds four times, had a dozen consecutive seasons of 1,000 or more rebounds,[12] and remains second all time in both total rebounds and rebounds per game. "[109][207] When his white Celtics teammate Frank Ramsey asked whether he hated him, Russell stated that he had been misquoted but few believed it. As reported by Sportskeeda, William was employed by Cox Trucking. Bill Russells Wives: Where Are They Now. [64], The Celtics won 49 games and made the first berth in the 1958 NBA playoffs, where they met in the 1958 NBA Finals with their familiar rivals, the St. Louis Hawks. That's the first thing Walter Brown said to Chuck Cooper. Karen is Bill's most well known child, and the only daughter from his union with Rose. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. West Coast Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year, San Francisco Dons men's basketball 195455 NCAA champions, San Francisco Dons men's basketball 195556 NCAA champions, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award, List of National Basketball Association annual minutes leaders, List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders, List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders, List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders, List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders, List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks, List of National Basketball Association single-game rebounding leaders, List of National Basketball Association rookie single-season rebounding leaders, List of National Basketball Association single-season rebounding leaders, List of NBA players with most championships, List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career rebounding leaders, "Bill Russell, Henri Richard Famous Elevens Gallery", "195356 NCAA Championship Seasons: The Bill Russell Years", "Bill Russell's Trailblazing Legacy Is Secure (Even If Stats Can't Measure It)", "Bill Russell Is A Champion By Defintion [sic]", "Where does Bill Russell rank among best centers in NBA history? The couple actually tied the knot on December 9, 1956, with Bill soon making it clear he owed a vast majority of his ambition, compassion, drive, and success to his supportive wife, Rose. Rose and Bill started dating in their college days. Bill Russell, the legendary Celtics center who was the cornerstone of basketball's greatest dynasty and an exemplar of racial harmony and progress, died Sunday at age 88, his family announced on . 1 in NBA history for defensive win shares at 133.6, with Tim Duncan in second at 106.3. Bill Russell, whose No. I wanted you to have the best possible education and to be able to make the best contacts. Russell, who was sensitive to any racial prejudice, was enraged by the fact that owner Abe Saperstein would only discuss the matter with Woolpert. Tune in July 10, this is a special honor! [59] Despite their different ethnic backgrounds and lack of common off-court interests, his relationship with Cousy was amicable. [50], The St. Louis Hawks, who owned the second pick, drafted Russell but were vying for Celtics center Ed Macauley, a six-time NBA All-Star who had roots in St. Louis. "[27] In an autobiographical account, Russell said that while on a California High School All-Stars tour, he became obsessed with studying and memorizing other players' moves, e.g., footwork such as which foot they moved first on which play, as preparation for defending against them, which included practicing in front of a mirror at night. He is one of just two NBA players (the other being prominent rival Wilt Chamberlain) to have grabbed more than 50 rebounds in a game. "[49] That playoff series ended in a dramatic Game 7, when the Sixers were trailing 110109 five seconds before the end, but Russell turned over the ball. Russell was married three times. He was one of five, along with James Naismith, Oscar Robertson, Dean Smith, and John Wooden, selected to represent the inaugural class. When their family uprooted to Oakland, California, they lived in the projects. I like most blacks because I am black." Twenty million England fans go wild across the country as Lionesses WIN nerve-shredding Euro final against Germany. -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Please watch: "FULL KYRIE IRVING and GORDON HAYWARD CELTICS Press Conference" youtube.com/watch?v=f7FoDj4-Nzw -~-~~-~~~-~~-~-, Karen Rusell penned an article for the New York Times. 6 jersey was retired by the Celtics on March 12, 1972,[113] Russell had worn the same number 6 at the USF and for the 1956 U.S. Olympic team. In Game 4, the Celtics were trailing by one point with seven seconds left and the Lakers had the ball until Baylor stepped out of bounds. "[214], In 1966, Russell was promoted to head coach of the Celtics. In Game 2, Philadelphia evened the series with a 115106 win and then went on to win Games 3 and 4. Bill Russell's Kids Now: Where Are They Today? Update [5], On February 5, 1960, Russell had 23 points, 51 rebounds, and 5 assists in a 124100 win over the Syracuse Nationals. Bill Russell was born to Charles and Katie Russell on February 12, 2022, in West Monroe, Louisiana. She was born on January 20, 1962. She works as an attorney, corporate trainer, and political strategist, according to the Huffington Post. Russell, a legend on the court and in the civil rights movement, has been an integral part of MENTOR since its inception more than 30 years ago and has remained steadfastly committed as a champion of the mentoring movement. [192], During his career, Russell was one of the first big earners in NBA basketball. Fri 5 Aug 2022 10.44 EDT. He lost his mother when he was just 12 years old. The youngest son of the NBA legend hasn't led a very public life, which is why there isn't much information about him. [58], At that time, Russell received much negative publicity as a player. Bill and Jeannine did not have any kids together. WIlliam Russell Jr. is the . It thus comes as no surprise that she often shares her memories with them on her social media platforms, as seen below, all the while fulfilling her duties as a writer, voting advocate, public speaker, and consultant. In 1987, Karen Rusell penned an article for the New York Times titled, Growing Up With Privilege and Prejudice.. Russell later called it the best team of his era and the best defense of all time. The Celtics made good use of the fact that the Los Angeles Lakers had exhausted the St. Louis Hawks in a long seven-game Western Conference Finals,[75] and Boston won the 1961 NBA Finals in five games. Aside from that, the late Russell remained a big part of the . At age 35, Russell contributed with 6 points, 21 rebounds, and 6 assists in his last NBA game. [14] In 2011, Barack Obama awarded Russell the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his accomplishments on the court and in the civil rights movement. They were together from 1956 to 1973. Russell regarded Auerbach as "the greatest of all coaches". [160] In 2009, Slam named him the third best player of all-time behind Jordan and Chamberlain. [224], On September 26, 2017, Russell posted a photograph of himself to a previously unused Twitter account in which he was taking the knee in solidarity with the U.S. national anthem kneeling protests. Alex Wong/Getty Images. Tune in July 10, this is a special honor! He included the picture below. The fans could do or think whatever they wanted. The couple was thus more than excited to start this new chapter, especially since theyd already decided to plant roots in Mascahustats owing to the athletes Boston Celtics drafting the summer prior. Because Russell ignored virtually any well-wisher who approached him home or away, including the vast majority of media, his autograph was among the most difficult to secure of any professional athlete of his time. [172] The art is by Ann Hirsch of Somerville, Massachusetts, in collaboration with Pressley Associates Landscape Architects of Boston. [206], Russell was known for his distinctive high-pitched laugh, of which Auerbach quipped: "There are only two things that could make me quit coaching. [44] Like fellow world-class high-jumpers of that era, Russell used the straddle technique, rather than the Fosbury Flop with which all high jump world records after 1978 have been set. [193] When Wilt Chamberlain became the first NBA player to earn $100,000 in salary in 1965 (equivalent to $859,873 in 2021), Russell went to Auerbach and demanded a $100,001 salary, which he promptly received. Bill Russell (left), star of the Boston Celtics, is congratulated by coach Arnold "Red" Auerbach after scoring his 10,000th point in the NBA game against the Baltimore Bullets in Boston Garden on . The first [NBA organization] to hire a black [head] coach was the Boston Celtics, and they've had at least five [black head-coaches] over the years. Bill Russell, the Boston Celtics' Hall of Fame center who almost single-handedly redefined the game of basketball, was, in the words of Basketball's Big Men by David Klein, "the standard against whom all others will be judged." A big man who specialized in defense rather than scoring, Russell was the ultimate winner. Bill Russell - MENTOR The Celtics won Game 4 in an upset, but the Hawks prevailed in Games 5 and 6, with Pettit scoring 50 points in the deciding Game 6. The game featured Shane Battier, LeBron James, Magic Johnson, Maya Moore, Alonzo Mourning, Joakim Noah, Chris Paul, Derrick Rose, and Obama's friends from high school. Bill Russell's daughter, Karen, was born on January 20, 1962. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2ac29f4a77691b Schayes, who had become the 76ers coach, said: "The Celtics can thank the Good Lord for Bill Russell. [49][89], In the 196364 NBA season, the Celtics posted a league-best 5822 record in the regular season. When the Sixers' Hall-of-Fame guard Hal Greer inbounded, Havlicek stole the ball, causing Celtics commentator Johnny Most to scream: "Havlicek stole the ball! Thus, playing in this team has also added up to the overall . While attending college at the . (Video: Reuters) In his prime, the goateed . Bill Russell (L) greets Jimmy Butler at the NBA All-Star Game 2018 at Staples Center on February 18, 2018 in Los Angeles, California. As a dedicated human rights activist, Russell fought against . [102] In the Eastern Division Finals of the 1968 NBA playoffs, the Philadelphia 76ers had the better record than Boston and were the favorites. [162] In 2022, he was ranked No. The NCAA had previously prohibited goaltending in response to George Mikan (1945) and later banned the dunk shot due to Lew Alcindor (1967), although the latter rule was later repealed. His wife name is Jeannine Russell. NBA great Bill Russell, who anchored a Boston Celtics dynasty that won 11 championships in 13 years, died . [106], Russell and the Celtics achieved upsets over the 76ers and the Knicks to earn a meeting with the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1969 NBA Finals. Boston then beat the Los Angeles Lakers 42 in the 1968 NBA Finals, giving Russell his tenth title in twelve years. Bill Russell - Wikipedia [177], On August 2, 2020, the West Coast Conference (WCC), which has been home to Russell's alma mater of USF since the league's formation in 1952,[178][a] became the first NCAA Division I conference to adopt a conference-wide diversity hiring commitment, announcing the Russell Rule, named after Russell and based on the National Football League's Rooney Rule. One of the greatest players in NBA history, Bill Russell, is currently in his 4th marriage. Their union sadly lasted for a mere three years, and since then, it appears as if the now 75-year-old has preferred to lead a quiet life in the wonderous city of Seatle in the heart of King County. [84] President John F. Kennedy posed for a picture with Auerbach and the nine Celtics but not Russell, who overslept because he thought it was just a tour of the White House and did not know President Kennedy would be meeting them. NBA legend Bill Russell passed away at the age of 88. Bill Russell poses with his Championship rings in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1996. - WILLIAM FELTON RUSSELL, WILLIAM FRANCIS McSWEENY . The Celtic mythical figure, who is now 88 years old, was involved in several passionate relationships. "[201], Russell was driven by "a neurotic need to win", as his Celtic teammate Tom Heinsohn observed. [115], As a consequence of his endured racist abuse, Russell was extremely sensitive to all racial prejudice. [114] He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1975. At 85 years old, he is still active going to watch basketball games with his wife Jeannine Russell, as he shows in his Instagram account. [109] According to Taylor, Russell discounted the fact that his career was facilitated by white people who were proven anti-racists: his high school coach George Powles, who encouraged him to play basketball, his college coach Phil Woolpert, who integrated USF basketball, Celtics coach Red Auerbach, who made him the first black NBA coach and is regarded as an anti-racist pioneer for his no color barrier, and Celtics owner Walter A. Awards . Karen Russell. August 2, 2022. Click to reveal Pin. [111], In 1971, Russell joined NBA on ABC to do commentary on the Game of the Week. BOSTON Celtics legend, Bill Russell, had three children with his first wife, Rose. The game was tied with two seconds left when Sam Jones sank a clutch shot that won the Celtics the series. [66] Lakers head coach John Kundla praised Russell, stating: "We don't fear the Celtics without Bill Russell. Russell had three children from his first marriage William . NBA Legend Bill Russell Has Been Married 4 Times - AmoMama Well, that let me know that if I were to accept these as the final judges of my career I would die a bitter old man." He tied the knot with three different gals. In the pivotal Game 7, Russell managed to hold Chamberlain to 22 points, 28 points below his season average, while scoring 19 points. [180] In 1977, he married Dorothy Anstett, Miss USA of 1968;[180] they divorced in 1980. She then chose to stay well away from the spotlight while still co-parenting their children, but alas, it all ended on September 11, 2014, as she passed away at the age of 78 owing to some natural health problems. 4 in ESPN's list of the top 74 NBA players of all time, the second best center behind Abdul-Jabbar and ahead of Chamberlain. He was born William Felton Russell Jr. on November 2, 1957. Children. . Like almost all Southern towns and cities of that time, Monroe was very segregated and the Russells often struggled with racism in their daily lives. The home also has a four-car garage. Bill Russell, an 11-time NBA champion with the Boston Celtics and the first Black head coach in a major American sports league, died July 31. A living, smarting, hurting, smelling, greasy substance which covered you. Who are Bill Russell's children? | The US Sun The teams split the first six games. [196] Russell also had a shoe designed by Bristol Manufacturing Corporation in 1966, the Bill Russell Professional Basketball Shoe. [19], During World War II, the Second Great Migration began, as large numbers of blacks were moving to the West to look for work there. However, the NBA player did have children from his previous marriage. [67][108] The Celtics held on for a 108106 victory and Russell claimed his eleventh championship in thirteen years. [50], Before his NBA rookie year, Russell was the captain of the 1956 U.S. men's Olympic basketball team that competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics, which was held in November and December in Melbourne, Australia, in the Southern Hemisphere. "[109] This supported the opinion of many white fans that Russell, who was by then the highest-paid Celtic, was egotistical, paranoid, and hypocritical. Over 50 percent of responses said 'There's too many black players. After USF kept Holy Cross Crusaders star Tom Heinsohn scoreless in an entire half,[31] Sports Illustrated wrote: "If [Russell] ever learns to hit the basket, they're going to have to rewrite the rules. Thats despite the fact he personally had a merely comfortable lifestyle based in St. George, Utah as a proud truck driver at Cox Trucking, which he had truly developed an interest in early on. People broke into his house and destroyed his trophies, among many other outrageous deeds. In the piece, she explains how she experienced such privilege in her life at times, but how she was also met with periods of intense racism and sexism. [88] In Game 3, Russell had 21 points, 38 rebounds, and 6 assists. Last modified on Sun 4 Sep 2022 13.55 EDT. [80] As the game was tied, Russell had the daunting task of defending against Baylor with little frontline help: Loscutoff, Heinsohn, and Satch Sanders, the three best Celtics forwards, had fouled out. [51] During that same draft, Boston also drafted guard K. C. Jones, Russell's former USF teammate, and managed to draft three future Basketball Hall of Famers: Russell, Jones, and Heinsohn. Does Bill Russell Have Any Children? Details on NBA Legend [41] While blocked shots were not a recorded basketball statistic during Russell's career, he averaged 8.1 blocks in 135 games, as Boston writers often attempted to tally his blocks. [5] Russell is the all-time playoff leader in total (4,104) and average (24.9) rebounds per game, he grabbed 40 rebounds in three separate playoff games (twice in the NBA Finals), and he never failed to average at least 20 rebounds per game in any of his thirteen playoff campaigns. Celtics legend and 11-time NBA Champion Bill Russell died 'peacefully' Sunday at the age of 88. I was able to separate the Celtics institution from the city and the fans. [157], On August 11, 2022, it was announced that Russell's No. Today, Karen is 57 years old. Bill Russell has been married on 4 different occasions but had never kept a marriage for up to 2 decades, the longest being 17 years (1956-1973) to a lady called Rose. Russell described himself as an avid reader of Dell Magazines' 1950s sports publications, which he used to scout opponents' moves for the purpose of defending against them. He wrote these words after recounting how grandfather Jake Russell had stood up to the Ku Klux Klan and other whites who attempted to thwart his efforts to build a schoolhouse for black children; his grandfather was the first person in Russell's patrilineal line born free in North America and was himself illiterate.
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