This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. West Yorkshire, Save. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. The conspirators including Babington were all. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Overview of Elizabeth I / 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Copy. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Elizabeth I: a biography. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. 214 High Street, When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Boston House, Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. 214 High Street, Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. France was at war with England and Spain. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Spouse: None. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Use your outline This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Doodle's Point of View This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. Student / Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. She was a Protestant. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? . [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. West Yorkshire, The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. 214 High Street, By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Why was France a threat? Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Most people in . Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Spanish invasion plans. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. to answer the Section Focus Question: Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Those who refused this were sent to prison. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England.
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